Which of the following medications can cause gingival hyperplasia?

Gingival hyperplasia, characterized by an overgrowth of gum tissue, can be a side effect of certain medications. Nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker, is known for this specific adverse effect. Its mechanism as a vasodilator can lead to changes in the gum tissue, resulting in overgrowth. This condition is particularly noted with long-term use of nifedipine and other similar medications in its class, such as phenytoin and certain antihypertensives.

In contrast, the other listed medications do not have a typical association with gingival hyperplasia. Ibuprofen and aspirin are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) primarily used for pain and inflammation, while penicillin is an antibiotic. These medications do not induce changes in gum tissue growth in the same manner that calcium channel blockers do. Understanding the pharmacological profiles and side effects of various medications is crucial for dental professionals, especially when considering patient management and potential complications resulting from medication use.