Which medication contributes to increased periodontal disease in patients?

The correct answer is estrogen, as it plays a significant role in the health of periodontal tissues. Hormonal fluctuations, especially those associated with estrogen, can alter the response of gum tissues to bacterial plaque. In women, periods of high estrogen levels, such as during puberty, pregnancy, or menopause, can lead to increased vascularity and inflammation in the gums, making them more susceptible to periodontal disease.

Estrogen receptors are present in the periodontal tissues, and variations in estrogen levels may contribute to changes in the disease process. For instance, during menopause, decreased estrogen can lead to reduced gum health, but in some cases, elevated estrogen levels can also encourage the proliferation of bacteria that contribute to periodontal disease.

Other medications, such as aspirin, penicillin, and naproxen, have different roles. Aspirin is known for its anti-inflammatory properties which can help in reducing pain and inflammation. Penicillin is an antibiotic effective in treating infections rather than causing them, and naproxen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that can help reduce inflammation but does not directly contribute to the progression of periodontal disease.

Thus, the link between estrogen and periodontal disease is primarily through its influence on the hormonal environment that affects the gums, making it the